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The valence effect of prediction is the tendency for people to simply overestimate the likelihood of good things happening rather than bad things. ''Valence'' refers to the ''positive'' or ''negative'' emotional charge some entity possesses. This finding has been corroborated by dozens of studies. In one straightforward experiment, all other things being equal, participants assigned a higher probability to picking a card that had a smiling face on its reverse side than one which had a frowning face.〔Taylor, Nigel, ''Making Actuaries Less Human: Lessons from Behavioral Finance''. The Staple Inn Actuarial Society, 2000-01-18. Last accessed on 2009-03-16.〕 In addition, some have reported a valence effect in attribution when we overpredict the likelihood of positive events happening to ''ourselves'' relative to others. (See self-serving bias.) The outcome of valence effects may be called wishful thinking. However, in certain situations, the valence effect may actually alter the event in some way so that it indeed results in a positive outcome. For example, in some cases generals have roused up their soldiers to a point where they were able to emerge victorious in battle. ==See also== * List of cognitive biases * Optimism bias 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Valence effect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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